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D.M.Plant:

De mineralization systems are very widely employed, not only for conditioning water for high pressure boilers, but also for conditioning various process and rinse water. The ion-exchange systems chosen vary accordingly to the volumes and compositions of the raw waters, the effluent quality requirements for different uses, and the comparative capital and operating costs. Briefly, if silica removal is not required, the system may consists of a hydrogen cation - exchanger unit and a weekly basic anion exchanger unit, usually followed by a degasifier to remove, by aeration, most of the carbon dioxide formed from the bicarbonates in the first step. When silica removal basic anion - exchanger  unit, usually with a degasifier between the units to remove carbon dioxide ahead of the strongly basic anion  exchanger unit. For uses where the very highest quality of effluent is required, this may be followed by secondary "Polishing" units consisting of either (1) a exchanger unit or (2) a single unit consisting an intimately mixed bed of hydrogen-cation-exchanger and a strongly basic anion exchanger.